![]() ![]() Evidence of these effects have increased over recent decades however, we still have a poor understanding of the possible outcomes of their interplay across global climatic gradients, hindering our ability to accurately predict the consequences of climate change in populations and ecosystems. Global warming is modifying the phenology, life‐history traits and biogeography of species around the world. Relatively lower rhythmicity in the feeding system may be a consequence of the necessity to prevent tooth breakage and wear, the greater complexity of coordination with tongue movements, and/or a greater emphasis on energy storage in elastic elements rather than the kinetics of limb movement. Higher rhythmicity in the locomotor system corroborates a hypothesis of stronger optimization for energetic efficiency: deviation from the limbs’ natural frequency results in greater variability of center of mass movements and limb inertial changes, and therefore more work by limb muscles. Accounting for potential confounding variables, our analyses reveal higher rhythmicity of cyclic movements of the limbs than of the jaw. We compared rhythmicity of cyclic jaw and limb movements in feeding and locomotor systems in 261 tetrapod species in a phylogenetic context. ![]() If this hypothesis is correct, then it stands to reason that other biomechanical variables in the feeding and locomotor systems should also reflect these divergent functions. Based on the obtained results and considering the data extraction process, we presented various recommendations for the researchers that will use the PlotDigitizer program for the quantitative analysis of single-case graphs.Įvolutionary analyses of joint kinematics and muscle mechanics suggest that, during cyclic behaviors, tetrapod feeding systems are optimized for precise application of forces over small displacements during chewing while locomotor systems are more optimized for large and rapid joint excursions during walking and running. The results showed that PlotDigitizer could be an alternative to other programs as it is free and can run on many current and outdated systems, and it is valid and reliable as it is nearly perfect. Based on our sampling, we calculated intercoder and intracoder Pearson correlation coefficients. ![]() Besides, using the values we digitized, we recalculated the 23 effect sizes presented in the original articles for validity analysis. We performed the digitization of 6.846 data points on three different computers using 15 hypothetical graphs with 20 data series and 186 graphs with 242 data series from 29 published articles to accomplish the goal. In this study, we aimed to analyze the validity and reliability of the PlotDigitizer software program, which is widely used in literature and an alternative to other data extraction programs, on computers with different operating systems. Researchers typically use data extraction software programs to extract raw data from the graphs in articles. Limitations and directions for future research are explored.Īccess to raw data of graphs presented in original articles to calculate the effect size of single-case research is a challenge for researchers conducting studies such as meta-analysis. Additionally, both programs allow for reliable extraction of data between raters and between software programs. Study findings suggest that both GraphClick and DataThief III provide valid methods of data extraction. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the validity and reliability of the results yielded by each of these programs when evaluating the results of multiple research studies on the Good Behavior Game, a classroom-based intervention which has been in practice since 1969. Researchers consistently use two software programs, DataThief III and GraphClick to conduct meta-analytic work using SSEDs. Until recently, researchers wishing to undertake meta-analytic research themselves have had limited options for synthesizing the intervention effects of a collection of studies. In the realm of single-subject experimental designs (SSEDs), meta-analyses have a particular cachet: retaining the rigor of single-subject designs with the added robustness of replication to more fully determine the strength of a given approach or intervention. Researchers frequently rely on meta-analyses of prior research studies to efficiently evaluate a broad spectrum of results on a particular topic.
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